Taurida Scientific Herald. Series: Economics

USE OF LINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS IN ECONOMICS

2025-12-10T14:36:38+02:00

The article examines the use of linear difference equations in modeling economic processes and evaluating their effectiveness for describing market and socio-economic dynamics. Special attention is given to the Evans model, which explains how the market price gradually converges to a new equilibrium value determined by demand and supply conditions. Examples illustrate monotonic convergence and oscillatory approaches to equilibrium, as well as conditions for price stabilization. The cobweb model is also analyzed, highlighting cases where price behavior becomes cyclical or diverges, forming a spiral trajectory. Additionally, a model of unemployment dynamics is presented, resulting in a formula for the steady-state unemployment rate, consistent with classical macroeconomic theories. The study underlines the value of difference equations as a versatile tool for forecasting economic processes, modeling market mechanisms, and identifying long-term trends in economic development..

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF MARKET ADAPTATION OF AN ENTERPRISE

2025-12-10T14:36:36+02:00

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of a company’s market adaptation in the context of changes in the external environment. It is substantiated that the assessment of market adaptation should be carried out taking into account both economic and financial results, which corresponds to the principles of a comprehensive approach to evaluating company performance. For a complex assessment of market adaptation, the study employs indicators of revenue and earnings per share (EPS), the dynamics of which make it possible to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency of current operations, the company’s ability to adapt to market changes, maintain competitive advantages, and ensure profitability for shareholders. The appropriateness of using these indicators is confirmed by the example of a group of international and Ukrainian companies operating in the food production and sales market, whose shares are traded on stock exchanges. The research is based on the statistical data of these companies for 2021–2024. The study employs methods of analysis and synthesis, generalisation, coefficient calculation, relative and absolute deviation assessment, and the matrix method. The application of this methodological toolkit made it possible to determine the patterns of change in the analysed indicators and identify the level of companies’ market adaptation. The results of the calculations showed that simultaneous consideration of revenue and EPS dynamics provides a holistic understanding of companies’ market adaptation, allowing them to be classified into groups with high, medium, and low levels of adjustment to external changes. Using the indicators of revenue and EPS variation, a market adaptation map was developed, which can serve as both a diagnostic tool and a means of improving the company’s adaptation strategy. The practical application of the map allows for the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of a company’s business model, the determination of promising directions for strategic change, and provides a foundation for effective managerial decision-making and enhanced long-term enterprise resilience.

TRANSFORMATION OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT OF BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION

2025-12-05T10:17:29+02:00

The article explores the peculiarities of transforming accounting and analytical support of business processes under the implementation of modern information systems. It emphasizes that traditional approaches, mainly focused on fiscal tasks and the preparation of retrospective reporting, do not meet the requirements of the current dynamic business environment. It is determined that the key problem lies in the weak integration of accounting systems with the actual process model of enterprise activities, which limits management’s ability to generate relevant information for decision-making. The impact of digitalization—particularly cloud-based ERP systems, Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and BPMS—on redefining the functional role of accounting and analytical support of commercial activities and optimizing business processes is substantiated. The modern tasks of the accounting and analytical system are considered, including the generation of non-financial information and ESG reporting, which covers environmental, social, and governance aspects of activity. It is noted that modern information systems create conditions for shifting from the mere recording of economic events to modeling business processes in real time, thus enhancing the flexibility, transparency, and resilience of enterprises. The article summarizes scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scholars regarding the digitalization of accounting, analysis, and auditing, with particular emphasis on the growing role of information systems in strategic management. It is substantiated that the transformation of accounting and analytical support is a strategic necessity for improving business competitiveness and for developing new professional competencies of accountants and auditors in the fields of data analysis, cybersecurity, ESG standards, and digital technologies. The directions for further research are identified: the transformation of professional competencies for accountants and auditors, which includes the identification of key skills (data analysis, cybersecurity, working with information systems, knowledge of ESG standards, etc.), the development of recommendations for updating educational programs, as well as the analysis of ethical dilemmas related to the use of modern digital technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, in the context of responsibility for algorithmic errors.

ADAPTATION OF ACCOUNTING TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC APPROACHES AND ALGORITHM FOR INTEGRATING NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING

2025-12-10T14:36:35+02:00

The article is devoted to the adaptation of accounting to the requirements of sustainable development in the context of global and national challenges, in particular in the context of martial law in Ukraine and European integration processes. The need to integrate environmental, social and management indicators into internal accounting procedures is substantiated to ensure transparency, compliance with international standards (CSRD, ESRS, GRI, SASB) and increase investment attractiveness. Strategic approaches to the transformation of accounting systems are studied, including reactive and proactive models, as well as step-by-step and integrated implementation of non-financial metrics. Key barriers to the implementation of non-financial reporting are systematized, including technological (limited compatibility of information systems), personnel (deficit of competencies), regulatory (inconsistency of national standards with European requirements) and economic (high costs of digitalization and audit). The author’s algorithm for the phased integration of ESG indicators is proposed, which includes diagnostics of information needs, modification of accounting policies, implementation of digital tools (automated platforms, iXBRL format) and internal control and audit mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the impact of martial law, which complicates data collection and requires flexible accounting models to reflect environmental and social challenges. The results of the study offer practical recommendations for harmonizing national standards with European ones, training specialists and creating a digital infrastructure for automating reporting. The practical value of the article lies in the development of a universal algorithm adapted to the conditions of the transformation economy, which helps reduce regulatory and reputational risks, as well as increase the competitiveness of enterprises in international markets. The materials can be used to form corporate ESG strategies, modernize accounting systems and develop national methodological guidelines.

ELECTRONIC TAX SERVICES (E-TAX) AND THEIR ROLE IN COMBATING TAX EVASION

2025-12-10T14:36:33+02:00

Electronic tax services (e-tax) play a crucial role in combating tax evasion and ensuring fiscal transparency in the context of digital economic transformation. The article examines the effectiveness of e-tax systems, their legislative framework, operational mechanisms, and impact on reducing the shadow economy. Key challenges are identified, including cybersecurity threats, technical barriers, and the need for digital literacy. Promising development directions are proposed, such as stimulating public engagement, improving state control mechanisms, and expanding investment opportunities. Special attention is paid to analyzing international experiences in tax system operations and their adaptability in Ukraine. The primary pathways for system improvement are outlined to enhance its efficiency and reliability in the long term.

PROBLEMS OF FOREIGN CAPITAL BANKS IN THE CONDITIONS OF WARTIME CHALLENGES

2025-12-10T14:36:32+02:00

The article examines the peculiarities of the functioning of banks with foreign capital under the conditions of war challenges, with particular attention paid to the specifics of their operations in Ukraine during the ongoing military conflict. The paper analyzes the current state of the banking system, defines the role of foreign capital in ensuring financial stability, and outlines the key problems of its functioning. Among the main challenges identified are the outflow of deposits, the increase in the share of non-performing loans, currency risks, infrastructure destruction, cyber threats, and the reduction of investment activity by parent companies. The research also emphasizes the importance of maintaining client trust and liquidity in times of uncertainty, while addressing the operational difficulties related to staff relocation and risk management. Special attention is devoted to the international experience of countries that have faced armed conflicts (Georgia, Croatia, Israel), with a focus on the stabilizing role of international financial institutions such as the IMF and the EBRD, the restructuring of banking systems, and the implementation of digital innovations, including cyber protection and remote banking services. The comparative analysis of these case studies allows the identification of practical instruments that may be applied in the Ukrainian context. The results of the study demonstrate that despite numerous threats, foreign-owned banks in Ukraine remain an important source of financial resilience, technological modernization, and integration into global markets. The paper argues that strengthening cooperation with international partners, developing state guarantees for foreign banks, improving risk management frameworks, and fostering digital transformation are essential for enhancing stability. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive analysis of the activities of banks with foreign capital in the specific conditions of wartime Ukraine, which has not yet been sufficiently studied in the academic literature. The practical significance is associated with providing recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and banking institutions on how to strengthen the role of foreign capital in the post-war recovery and European integration of Ukraine. This study is aimed at researchers, financial analysts, and decision-makers who seek to understand the challenges and opportunities for the sustainable development of the Ukrainian banking sector in times of war and post-war reconstruction.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF LEADERSHIP IN REPUTATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE RESTORATION OF DE-OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

2025-12-10T14:36:30+02:00

The purpose of the article was to explore the transformation of leadership in the context of reputation management as a key instrument for the recovery of de-occupied territories of Ukraine during wartime and in the post-war period. It is emphasized that the uniqueness of challenges caused by military actions, occupation, and subsequent de-occupation requires leaders to adopt adaptive management approaches that consider not only economic and administrative aspects but also socio-psychological and reputational factors. The article analyzes how leadership can contribute to rebuilding trust in institutions, strengthening social cohesion, and enhancing the efficiency of governance processes in communities affected by destruction. It is noted that reputation management serves as a tool that enables leaders to shape a positive image of the territory, attract investments, and ensure support from local communities and international partners. The main challenges faced by leaders in de-occupied territories are identified, including: security instability, scarcity of resources, psychological traumatization of the population, and the erosion of trust in governmental institutions. Contemporary leadership models such as transformational, adaptive, and teal leadership are considered, along with their application in crisis conditions. Using methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization, the article examines the effectiveness of these models in the context of reputation management. The study underscores the necessity of integrating reputation management into leadership practices for the recovery of de-occupied territories. It is highlighted that leaders should focus on transparent communication, engaging communities in decision-making, and demonstrating social responsibility through the support of local initiatives and cooperation with non-governmental organizations. Proposed strategies include the creation of reputation platforms, the use of digital technologies for communication and monitoring of public opinion, as well as the incorporation of international experience to adapt best practices.

ON THE ISSUE OF INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF ENTERPRISE MENTORING SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEEPENING EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES

2025-12-10T14:36:28+02:00

Mentoring systems in this article are conceptualized as a set of principles and mechanisms for personalized learning (tutoring), talent attraction, implementation of motivational tools, etc. The primary focus of the article is placed on the formalization of processes related to the transfer, acquisition, and shared use of data, knowledge, or digital assets among agents within enterprise mentoring systems. To enhance their effectiveness, the article formalizes the tasks of informational support for enterprise mentoring systems within the context of European integration. These tasks include: the implementation of Requirements Monitoring (ReqMon) tools to improve decision-making in human resource management; ensuring the security, confidentiality, and relevance of data; compliance with international standards of quality and information security (e.g., ISO/IEC 27001, ISO 9001); and monitoring the system’s alignment with predefined requirements, including the identification of deviations in its operation, etc. The proposed approach to informational support is developed through the integration of components from the Requirements Monitoring (ReqMon) concept. The ReqMon approach addresses the need for continuous verification of software compliance with specified requirements, particularly within complex enterprise information systems, by enabling early detection of deviations, obstacles, and inconsistencies during the design phase. It enables systematic tracking of requirements, rapid response to changes in the external environment, and transparency in achieving strategic personnel development goals. A structured information support framework contributes to the adaptation of mentoring systems to international standards, enhances the quality of managerial reporting, and strengthens trust in internal human resource development processes. The practical implementation of the Requirements Monitoring (ReqMon) approach in enterprise operations and mentoring processes has demonstrated that structured informational support facilitates the adaptation of mentoring systems to international standards, enhances the effectiveness of managerial reporting, and strengthens trust in human resource development processes.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROLE OF THE PRODUCT MANAGER IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY

2025-12-10T14:36:27+02:00

The article examines the transformation of the role of the product manager in the context of the digitalization of the economy. It is substantiated that digital transformation radically changes the foundations of product management, shifting the focus from traditional coordination functions to strategic digital leadership. The study highlights the evolutionary stages of this role: from the operational coordinator and strategic manager to the innovation leader and, finally, the digital product leader. Special attention is paid to the identification of core competencies that determine the professional profile of a modern product manager. These include hard skills such as data analytics, Big Data processing, fundamentals of artificial intelligence and UX/UI design, as well as soft skills including leadership, strategic thinking, change management, and cross-disciplinary communication. Additionally, ecosystem competencies such as platform strategy development, partnership building, and awareness of regulatory and ethical issues are emphasized as critical for effective performance in the digital economy. The article also identifies the main challenges and risks faced by product managers, including information overload, shortage of skilled professionals, legal and ethical issues related to data use, the accelerating pace of technological change, and the complexity of managing global teams with diverse cultural backgrounds. Addressing these challenges requires continuous professional learning, integrated competencies, and the adoption of adaptive management strategies. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a generalized model of the transformation of the product manager’s role, which systematizes the stages of professional evolution and defines key directions for further research. The practical significance of the results consists in the possibility of their application in educational programs for training new professionals, in corporate strategies of digital transformation, and in strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises operating in digital markets.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A STEP-BY-STEP SCHEME AND PROFESSIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2025-12-10T14:36:26+02:00

The article examines the implementation of a step-by-step approach and professional project management systems, with a particular focus on the contemporary challenges and difficulties faced by organizations. Through the application of a comprehensive analysis of practical organizational activities, the study identifies the key conditions and aspects that determine the effectiveness of such implementation. The findings emphasize that success can only be achieved through a systematic approach that integrates several critical components, including a solid regulatory framework, modern information technologies, human resource potential, and structural organizational transformations. Among the most significant factors of successful implementation are the development of a clear and well-structured methodology aimed at minimizing risks for investors by ensuring a transparent and consistent decision-making process, the establishment of a balanced distribution of responsibilities and authority, and the integration of project management systems with the existing corporate mechanisms and business processes. Equally important is overcoming resistance to organizational change, as well as adapting best practices to the specific cultural, structural, and operational conditions of a given enterprise. The results of the study highlight the decisive role of support from top management, since leadership commitment and engagement create the foundation for systematized decision-making and the establishment of a culture of accountability. Furthermore, the presence of effective change management programs and structured training initiatives for employees significantly increases the likelihood of successful adaptation and long-term sustainability of the implemented practices. Continuous personnel development and the creation of competence-building programs are also identified as indispensable elements in strengthening organizational capacity. In conclusion, this research contributes to the development of both the theoretical and practical foundations of project management. It provides a holistic perspective on the complex set of issues related to the implementation of step-by-step approaches in organizational contexts and offers actionable recommendations for companies seeking to enhance their project management capabilities, reduce risks, and improve competitiveness in a rapidly evolving business environment. By addressing regulatory, technological, human, and cultural dimensions, the study underlines that the implementation of structured project management systems is not only a technical challenge but also a strategic necessity for sustainable organizational development.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT ROADMAPS: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

2025-12-10T14:36:24+02:00

The article examines the potential of project management tools for developing a roadmap for reform and modernization of the waste management system in Ukraine, taking into account international experience. The current state of the sector is characterized by critical challenges: more than 90% of municipal solid waste is landfilled, much of it in sites that do not meet environmental requirements; the level of recycling and sorting remains below a few percent; and the infrastructure is underdeveloped. Additional barriers include slow implementation of new legislation, insufficient funding, limited public participation in separate collection, and low efficiency of state governance. At the same time, Ukraine’s integration into the European legal and economic space necessitates the creation of a systematic and transparent reform roadmap. The article analyzes international practices in waste management, particularly in Germany, Poland, Sweden, Japan, the United States, and Canada. These cases demonstrate the effectiveness of a comprehensive approach combining strict regulation, financial incentives for businesses, development of modern infrastructure, application of recycling and waste-to-energy technologies, and the promotion of environmental awareness among citizens. Special attention is paid to the principles of the circular economy and extended producer responsibility, which are successfully functioning in EU countries and can be adapted to the Ukrainian context. Cluster analysis was applied to systematize the problems and identify reform priorities, including improving legal regulation, developing sorting and recycling infrastructure, implementing innovative technologies, enhancing economic efficiency, strengthening municipal policies, and encouraging public participation. Modern project management tools are proposed for different stages of reform: SWOT analysis and stakeholder analysis at the planning stage; Agile/Lean, WBS, and Kanban for task execution; and KPI and Balanced Scorecard for monitoring outcomes. The findings demonstrate that integrating project management tools into the waste management sector creates conditions for systematic planning, optimal resource allocation, performance control, and risk reduction. Adapting international experience while considering Ukrainian socio-economic realities will allow for the creation of an effective reform roadmap that promotes environmental safety, increases the competitiveness of the national economy, and supports the achievement of sustainable development goals.

THE IMPACT OF MODERN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MODELS ON THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPANIES

2025-12-10T14:36:23+02:00

The rapid transformation of global markets and the growing complexity of business environments have significantly increased the importance of corporate governance models as a foundation for sustainable development. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that corporate governance today no longer performs only regulatory and controlling functions but becomes a crucial driver of innovation and competitiveness. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of modern corporate governance models on the innovative development of companies, as effective governance structures are increasingly viewed as strategic mechanisms for ensuring adaptability and growth in conditions of uncertainty. The methodological framework of the research is based on systemic and structural-functional approaches, which make it possible to reveal the interdependence between governance practices and innovation processes, as well as comparative and analytical methods, which provide the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of different models. The results of the study show that companies that introduce transparent decision-making procedures, ensure accountability, and delegate strategic autonomy to management teams are more capable of generating and implementing innovative solutions. It has been proven that the orientation of governance mechanisms toward long-term goals and stakeholder interests contributes to building a corporate culture that fosters creativity and continuous improvement. The conclusions also highlight that a flexible balance between control and autonomy ensures not only stability but also openness to change, which is decisive in promoting innovation. The practical value of the article lies in the formulation of recommendations for adapting progressive models of corporate governance in companies seeking to strengthen their innovative potential, improve competitiveness, and secure sustainable positions in national and international markets. Additionally, future research should empirically validate these relationships across industries and institutional contexts, using longitudinal data to strengthen causal inference.

THE ROLE OF INTERMEDIARY IN FORMING THE SALES POLICY OF AN ENTERPRISE

2025-12-10T14:36:21+02:00

The marketing and sales policy of an enterprise is a set of strategies, measures, and decisions aimed at effectively organizing the process of selling products (goods or services) to consumers, taking into account market conditions, distribution channels, customer needs, and business goals. It covers the selection of sales channels, interaction with intermediaries, logistics planning, formation of sales conditions, after-sales service, as well as constant monitoring of product sales efficiency. The main objective of the sales policy is to ensure the availability of products to the target audience at the right time, in the right place and on acceptable terms, while simultaneously achieving the strategic goals of the enterprise, in particular, increasing sales volumes, profitability and strengthening market positions. A rational sales policy takes into account the specifics of products, market characteristics, consumer behavior, the competitive environment, as well as digital transformation trends that change approaches to interacting with consumers. The role of intermediaries in shaping a company's sales policy is a key aspect of effectively promoting a marketing strategy. Intermediaries, such as wholesalers and retailers, distributors, agents and logistics companies, play an important role in ensuring the availability of goods to end consumers. They help optimize promotion channels, reduce marketing and logistics costs, and provide valuable information about market trends and customer needs. This topic examines the functions of intermediaries, their influence on the formation of the pricing and assortment policy of the enterprise, as well as strategies for choosing and cooperating with intermediaries to achieve competitive advantages. This paper reveals the essence and functions of sales intermediaries, describes their types and selection criteria. Particular attention is paid to modern trends in interaction with intermediaries in the context of digitalization. Practical recommendations are offered for optimizing cooperation with intermediaries to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

THE SYNERGY OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND CSR IN FORMING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE RETAIL SECTOR

2025-12-10T14:36:20+02:00

The article focuses on explaining and empirically testing the synergy between digital transformation and corporate social responsibility as a source of sustainable competitive advantage for Ukraine’s retail enterprises. The theoretical foundation combines the dynamic capabilities approach with the concept of creating shared value, enabling us to interpret investments in data, automation, omnichannel, and green/ethical practices as complementary rather than parallel trajectories of development. The study aims to build and verify an integrated model “DT×CSR → CA,” accounting for mediators (brand trust, digital customer experience) and moderators (market turbulence, network scale), and to develop a diagnostic synergy index for managerial auditing. Methodologically, a quasi-experimental, multi-source design is employed: a manager survey captures digital maturity and CSR/ESG practices; a customer survey measures trust and the quality of the digital experience; internal KPIs record outcomes (margin, retention, inventory turns, ROA/ROIC). The pilot, plausibly realistic dataset covers about 30 retail networks (≈220 manager observations and ≈600 customer responses). Hypotheses are tested via hierarchical regression with HC3 robust errors and structural modeling with bootstrap estimation of indirect effects; predictors are mean-centered, and multicollinearity diagnostics (VIF) remain within acceptable limits. The estimates show a statistically and managerially significant interaction effect “DT×CSR” on the integrated competitive advantage indicator: adding the interaction term increases the model’s explanatory power by roughly 0.12 R² points, while the standardized coefficients for digital maturity and CSR remain positive and significant. Mediation analysis confirms that part of the effect of digital maturity operates through improvements in the digital customer experience (indirect effect ≈0.09), whereas CSR strengthens outcomes via increased brand trust (≈0.08). The interpretation aligns with complementarity: technology investments without an ethical and ecological frame under-deliver, while CSR projects without data and automation remain weakly measurable and slow in economic payback.

TOOLS FOR STRENGTHENING THE POTENTIAL OF SMEs IN UKRAINE

2025-12-10T14:36:19+02:00

The article explores and analyses tools for strengthening and economically transforming small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ukraine during martial law and the post-war recovery period. The instruments for enhancing the potential of SMEs are systematised, including support for innovative business ideas, access to finance, promotion of infrastructure development, legislative initiatives, the development of marketing strategies, international co-operation, education, and professional training. The study reveals that SMEs face a number of challenges: a lack of affordable financing, limited market access, logistical barriers, a shortage of skilled labour, and increasing regulatory pressure. Despite these obstacles, entrepreneurship remains a driver of socio-economic stability, particularly in regions affected by hostilities. Existing grant and investment support programmes for SMEs implemented through state and international institutions are examined, with special emphasis on creating a balanced model for both the entry of international companies into the Ukrainian market and the integration of Ukrainian SMEs into international trade co-operation. The article analyses the government’s expectations regarding the implementation of the National Recovery Plan of Ukraine for 2023–2032. Recognising the importance of small and medium-sized businesses and considering the Government’s economic strategy under wartime conditions, state programmes aim to provide multidirectional support for Ukrainian enterprises, helping the economy to withstand challenges and become the foundation for post-war recovery. It is identified that the full development of SMEs in Ukraine should be ensured through the gradual implementation of EU legislation into the national legal framework governing state support for small and medium-sized businesses. It is argued that to develop and sustain production potential in the SME sector, it is necessary to create conditions for the manufacture of high value-added goods using Ukrainian raw materials and exporting finished products abroad. The study determines that under the difficult socio-economic circumstances caused by Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, international financial support (from USAID, UNDP, the EU, the EBRD, and others) has become a fundamental factor in ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian SMEs through business recovery grants and investment projects. Particular attention is given to examining the formation and operation of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the attraction of international capital through the mechanism of impact investing.

CASTLE TOURISM IN UKRAINE: POTENTIAL, CHALLENGES AND MARKETING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

2025-12-10T14:36:17+02:00

Castle tourism in Ukraine represents a promising yet underdeveloped sector with significant cultural, economic, and regional development potential. The article aims to explore this phenomenon as a multidimensional tourism product and to define strategic directions for its effective marketing promotion. The relevance of the topic is driven by the growing global demand for authentic, heritage-based travel experiences and Ukraine’s rich architectural legacy, which includes castles, fortresses, palaces, and fortifications from various historical periods. The study employs a comprehensive methodological approach combining comparative analysis, expert evaluation, and strategic planning tools to identify innovative solutions in cultural tourism. The findings indicate that successful development of castle tourism requires a combination of heritage preservation, infrastructure modernization, and targeted marketing mechanisms. Key priorities include castle branding, use of digital platforms (websites, virtual tours, social media), partnerships with tour operators and local businesses, event-based marketing, and audience segmentation. Loyalty programs, digital storytelling, and influencer marketing play an important role in fostering emotional connections with heritage sites. The research reveals that the development of castle tourism in Ukraine requires a combination of heritage preservation, infrastructure modernization, and the introduction of targeted marketing mechanisms. The practical value of the research lies in a scalable marketing model for castle destinations that integrates branding, digital transformation, and community engagement. Recommendations include establishing a national castle tourism program, investing in restoration and visitor infrastructure, and introducing quality standards for tourist services. This approach can transform Ukraine’s castle heritage into a competitive tourism product that supports cultural preservation, drives economic growth, and strengthens national branding on the global stage. Destination marketers seek to transform Ukraine’s castle heritage into a distinctive and competitive tourism product that not only attracts visitors but also supports heritage preservation, stimulates regional economic growth, and strengthens Ukraine’s position in the global tourism market.

SALARY AS AN INDICATOR OF THE LEVEL OF IMPROVEMENT OF INCENTIVES FOR THE STAFF OF HOTEL ENTERPRISES IN MODERN BUSINESS CONDITIONS

2025-12-10T14:36:16+02:00

The relevance of the study is due to the need to pay more attention to the need for interaction at different hierarchical levels of organization and business and to find incentives to improve the performance of hotel and restaurant personnel under martial law in Ukraine and in the future in the post-war labor market in the hospitality industry. The purpose of the article is to summarize the known and allocate the essential features of the category “salary” specific to the current business environment as an indicator of the level of improvement of incentives for staff of hotel enterprises. The author emphasizes that this issue is relevant to the hotel industry. Ukraine, there is an insufficiently deep analysis of this issue. The methodological basis of the article is based on the methods of analysis, systematic approach and forecasting; the abstract and logical method, method of generalization and comparison are applied. The article analyzes the motivational factors on the part of entrepreneurs to apply special approaches to the development and implementation of strategic decisions on human resources management as the most valuable component of an enterprise, which encourages guarantees both in terms of safety and remuneration for all categories of employees. It is proposed to create a chain of interconnection between motivation, incentives and interest in the productive end result of economic activity for the hotel business. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of applying the principles of complexity, systematicity, flexibility, adaptability, innovation, and congruence for the purpose of competitiveness in different business conditions, which should accordingly contribute to the improvement of management functions aimed at stimulating the staff of a modern enterprise. The author proves that wages remain the most relevant form of incentive for high-quality and productive labor. Based on the results of the study, the article summarizes the known and specific in the current business environment essential features of the category of “salary” as an indicator of the level of improvement of incentives for the staff of hotel enterprises.

DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE SPHERE OF NATIONAL SECURITY: GLOBAL TRENDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UKRAINE

2025-12-10T14:36:14+02:00

Digitalization of public administration in the field of national security is one of the key trends in modern state development. In the context of growing cyber threats, hybrid challenges, and global instability, countries around the world are actively implementing digital technologies to improve the efficiency, transparency, and effectiveness of their security systems. For Ukraine, which is in a state of armed aggression and at the same time seeks to integrate into the European and Euro-Atlantic security space, adaptation to global practices of digital governance in this area is extremely relevant. This requires not only technical modernization, but also deep institutional reforms and the development of national recommendations based on global experience. At the same time, in today's environment, digital transformation covers all areas of public administration, including the national security sector, which requires special attention given the growing threats, hybrid challenges and high level of instability in the world. The article analyzes global trends in the digitalization of public administration in the security sector, including the introduction of intelligent information systems, artificial intelligence, cyber defense, cloud technologies and integrated decision-making platforms in crises. The experience of leading countries, such as the United States, Estonia, Israel, Canada, the United Kingdom, Finland, Australia, Germany, etc., as well as the regulatory approaches of the European Union to digital security and risk management are considered. Particular attention is paid to the current state of digital transformation in the national security system of Ukraine in the context of war and post-war reconstruction. The key challenges that hinder the digitalization process are identified, including the fragmentation of digital infrastructure, low integration of information systems, lack of personnel and regulatory uncertainty. The author proposes strategic recommendations for improving digital governance in Ukraine, including the development of cyber command structures, strengthening interagency cooperation, implementing national digital security standards, and creating a single platform for risk management in emergency situations. The study is of practical importance for the formation of state policy in the field of digital transformation of the security sector and is aimed at strengthening Ukraine's resilience to modern threats.

ENERGY POLICY OF UKRAINE IN WAR CONDITIONS: CURRENT SITUATION AND CHALLENGES FOR NATIONAL SECURITY

2025-12-10T14:36:13+02:00

The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has caused an unprecedented crisis in the country's energy sector, threatening the stability of energy supplies and the functioning of critical infrastructure. In the context of war, energy policy has become strategically important, as ensuring energy security has become a key condition for preserving national sovereignty, economic stability, and the functioning of the state. Besides, today, the country's energy policy is not only part of its economic strategy, but also an important tool for the state's defense and survival in the context of hybrid warfare. Against this backdrop, issues such as adapting the regulatory framework, attracting international technical assistance, modernizing energy networks, and actively developing renewable energy are particularly relevant. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine's energy policy in the context of full-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation. It reveals the peculiarities of the energy system's functioning during the crisis, in particular the problems associated with the deliberate destruction of critical infrastructure, energy shortages, cybersecurity threats, and disruptions to logistics chains. The dynamics of government decisions in the energy sector, mechanisms for rapid response and strategic planning, as well as the role of international assistance in stabilizing the energy sector are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the issues of decentralization of energy systems, development of renewable energy sources, improvement of energy efficiency, and creation of threat-resistant models of energy security. The article discusses the prospects for transforming energy policy as an important factor in strengthening Ukraine's national security and economic stability in the context of war and post-war reconstruction. Proposals are made regarding energy policy priorities for the medium and long term. It outlines the key challenges facing the state in the process of adapting to new geopolitical conditions and emphasizes the need to develop a flexible, adaptive, and sustainable energy strategy. It also analyzes Ukraine's potential in the field of European energy integration as one of the factors strengthening regional security.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE QUALITY OF DEMOCRACY UNDER CONDITIONS OF A PROLONGED STATE OF EMERGENCY

2025-12-07T15:15:17+02:00

The article explores historical and current experiences of state functioning under prolonged emergency or martial law, seen as special legal regimes generating long-term and urgent challenges. While such regimes can mobilize institutions to counter threats, they also bring systemic risks—distorting social relations, reducing public administration efficiency, and transforming democratic practices. Emphasis is placed on institutional challenges to adopting new governance standards amid efforts to enhance defense capacity. Corruption and institutional dysfunctions weaken governance, while opportunistic behavior hinders reforms. The study notes insufficient scholarly focus on how martial law transforms democracy and people’s rights, including judicial oversight. Repeated emergencies distort socio-political processes, reduce the diversity of social practices, and impair mechanisms for evaluating governance effectiveness. Performative patriotism may conceal rising collaborationism and treason. Prolonged emergencies function as self-replicating systems shaped by the “path dependency effect,” undermining social governance and fostering apathy. Such regimes psychologically affect both government and citizens, expanding executive power, restricting rights, and damaging the economy and social sphere. Declining administration efficiency stems from structural, institutional, and psychological causes, with public apathy accelerating governance degradation. Key drivers include fatigue-induced apathy, psychological exhaustion, declining civic engagement, normalization of restricted rights, and alienation from power. These erode social capital, stability, and legitimacy. Balancing security and democracy is vital, as overregulation of civil initiatives weakens statehood. Unlike systems where electoral moods ensure stability, Ukraine’s resilience depends on the political culture of its elite. The article focuses on political-administrative culture, institutional capacity, and civil society maturity. Only balanced interaction among these ensures democratic continuity and stronger statehood. Operational agility and strategic quality in decision-making must align with democratic norms.

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF THE “ASIAN TIGERS”

2025-12-10T14:36:11+02:00

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the economic leadership and investment potential of the "Asian Tigers," specifically Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Based on an examination of the economic development history of the "Asian Tigers," it is established that, in the mid-20th century, these countries were classified as "third world countries." However, through the effective utilization of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), they were able to undergo rapid economic transformations. It is found that FDI became the principal instrument of structural changes, facilitating the integration of national economies into global markets and contributing to significant economic growth. The study highlights the importance of institutional quality and the capacity of these countries to optimally utilize FDI for ensuring sustainable growth. The research further confirms that the effectiveness of FDI in these countries is attributed to an optimal combination of foreign and domestic investments, active governmental support initiatives, and a stable political environment, which together create a favorable investment climate. Additionally, the importance of a highly skilled workforce, advanced technological infrastructure, and innovation capacity is discussed, as these factors enable the countries to maintain competitiveness at the international level. The results of the study indicate that the investment strategies employed by the "Asian Tigers" have contributed to their resilience amid global economic fluctuations, such as financial crises. The overall trend in FDI inflows to the "Asian Tigers" from 1990 to 2024 reveals a positive trajectory, reflecting the successful investment strategies of these countries, particularly in high-tech sectors. Although economic crises, including the 2008 financial crisis, temporarily reduced investment volumes, the countries were able to rapidly recover their positions due to stable institutions and openness to international investment. Based on the analysis of FDI dynamics in these countries, it can be concluded that Hong Kong and Singapore continue to demonstrate sustained growth, affirming their roles as major financial hubs, while South Korea and Taiwan, despite facing challenges, have also been able to restore their investment flows.

ADAPTATION OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR AUDITING SETTLEMENTS WITH SUPPLIERS IN THE CONTEXT OF MARTIAL LAW AND DIGITALIZATION

2025-12-10T14:36:10+02:00

The article substantiates the conceptual foundations and practical recommendations for improving the methodology for auditing settlements with suppliers, which is crucial for confirming the reliability of financial reporting of enterprises in conditions of growing economic uncertainty and dynamic transformations in the business environment. The emphasis is on the need to adapt modern auditing practices to the radical changes caused by two leading factors: the state of martial law in Ukraine and the intensive introduction of digital technologies into accounting and auditing processes. The impact of martial law on the organization of the audit process, in particular on the effectiveness of checking settlements with suppliers and contractors, has been studied. It has been established that the introduction of temporary tax relief, in particular simplified requirements for documentary evidence of business transactions, increases the risk of significant distortion of financial statements and reduces the reliability of traditional audit evidence. In this regard, the need to adapt audit procedures in essence has been justified, which involves enhanced monitoring of the registration of tax invoices, detailed verification of the compliance of business transactions with accounting records, and assessment of the correctness of the reflection of tax liabilities. Particular attention is paid to the impact of digitalization processes on the organization and methodology of auditing. On the one hand, digital technologies contribute to a significant reduction in the time required to collect, process, and analyze large amounts of data, ensuring the efficiency and consistency of audit procedures. On the other hand, the spread of information systems and automated accounting solutions is accompanied by an increase in control risks, including cyber threats, unauthorized access to data, and potential breaches of information integrity. In this regard, it is proposed to revise the classic model of audit risk, taking into account digital realities, to integrate computerized audit technologies for mass data verification, detection of anomalies and potential signs of fraud, and to use analytical algorithms to predict risky transactions. Practical recommendations were provided on the application of adapted external confirmation procedures, which involve the active use of electronic means of communication, analysis of subsequent payments, and digital journals of mutual settlements. This approach minimizes the impact of logistical, communication, and organizational constraints caused by martial law, improves the accuracy of audit assessments, and ensures a more comprehensive verification of the reliability of financial statements. Thus, the results of the study emphasize the need for a comprehensive review of traditional audit procedures in light of current economic, technological, and legal challenges, as well as the development of a methodology capable of ensuring high-quality audits and effective risk control in conditions of martial law and active digitalization of the accounting and auditing environment.